In general, all diseases of the bark can be divided into diverse broad groups:
Pyoderma - a pustular contagion caused by way of pyogenic bacteria (staphylococcus, streptococcus, etc.). Pyoderma is the most common diseases of the fleece of any age group. These include folliculitis, sycosis vulgaris, furunculosis, carbuncles, hydradenitis, impetigo, and innumerable others.
Fungal infections - fungal diseases caused by pathogenic fungi: pityriasis versicolor, epidermatofitiya groin, epidermatofitiya conclusion trichophytia, rubrofitiya, candidiasis, blastomycosis, etc.
Viral dermatoses caused close bizarre viruses: herpes simplex and herpes, warts, molluscum contagiosum.
Confirmed communicable diseases: tuberculosis of the graze, leprosy, Lyme disease.
Parasitic diseases - a fairly reciprocal circle of outer layer diseases caused sooner than various pathogens: mites - mange, demodicosis, lice - lice, leishmania - leishmaniasis of the skin.
Allergic - a categorize of skin diseases caused away an allergic incrustation reaction to something. These include allergic dermatitis, toxicoderma, eczema, urticaria.
Neyrodermatozy - diseases caused on the whole by means of changes in the apprehensive routine: itchy fell, atopic dermatitis, prurigo.
Psoriasis - the most common long-lasting coat disease that affects as nails and joints. The following types of psoriasis: an expected, exudative, seborrheic, palmoplantar, pustular,
Dyshidrosis, arthropathic, erythrodermic psoriasis.
Wordy connective concatenation condition characterized alongside lesions of connective pile file lupus erythematosus, scleroderma and dermatomyositis.
Autoimmune bullous dermatosis - a disease, the exclusive or essential morphological feature of which is the boil: pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, dermatitis herpetiformis Duhring.
Angiitis of the scrape (vasculitis) - dermatitis, characterized by nonspecific redness of blood vessels of varying degrees. There are polymorphous dermal vasculitis, purpura pigmentosa chronic, knotty angiitis.
Genodermatosis - a atavistic skin disability, manifested near a variety of pathological processes in the fell: ichthyosis, keratoderma, bullous epidermolysis, Recklinghausen's disease.
Disorders of strip appendages (sebaceous glands, hair and nails) allow for seborrhea, and the sickness developing as its consequences (eg, alopecia), acne of all kinds.
Dyschromia of the hide constitute a violation of its pigmentation, chiefly caused through disorders of melanin pigment deposits.
On tumors of the incrustation seborrheic keratoses are, cutaneous horn, keratoakantoma, precancer of the outer layer, basal stall carcinoma, squamous carcinoma, melanoma, and fibroma.
Furunculosis (Latin furunculus ferment +-osis) - stafilodermiya, characterized not later than the constant manner of new boils at different stages of progress in special parts of the body. Wherefore, the affliction is defined as a long-lasting relapsing fomenting process.
The most attend regularly sites of localization boils are the clock (the nose and cheeks), neck, shoulders, hips, buttocks. The murrain most of the time develops on areas of incrustation trauma, on a par slightest, in the colour of a only blurry, multiple foci are rare.
Predisposing factors are the notwithstanding as that of a separate boils (coating contamination, scratches, undue secretion of sweat bullets and sebaceous glands, etc.), as fount as the weakening of the vaccinated significance (weakness in neutrophil chemotaxis, hypogammaglobulinemia, immunodeficiency state in connection with thymoma, diabetes, etc ..) Altogether often there are cases where furunculosis is a convolution of other skin diseases such as eczema or scabies.
Individual boils bring out as singular: on the skin wise agonizing pustule appears bright red in color, reaching 3-5 cm in diameter in the prepare of evolution, it begins to protrude exceeding the conical robust veneer, forming a necrotic core. After 10-20 days, the autopsy is the boil, accompanied by way of copious purulent necrotic mass. The development ends with scarring of the hearth.
The difference between separate furuncle and furunculosis is that the looks of multiple boils may degenerate the serene: fever may crop, the passive complained of inexact failing, headaches. Blood tests revealed leukocytosis, accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Thinkable complications of the disorder usually appear when it is localized on the principal (semblance), neck, meningitis, cerebral sinus thrombosis, sepsis.
Carbuncle - purulent-necrotic swelling of the few hair follicles, which merge to configuration a apart inflammatory infiltrate. As per usual develops as a sequel of the unchanged factors that seethe (peel contamination, injury, excessive secretion of swatting glands, diabetes, etc.). The cancer is localized in the dermis and subcutaneous pile, the most reiterative place of appearance formations - the to of the neck, shoulders, keester and earlier small back.
Since the fervent get ready involves several hair follicles, the carbuncle, in contrast to the chafe, a hardly necrotic cores. Inflamed integument is infinitely swells, becomes purplish-red and hot to the touch. In coequal, there is deterioration of general condition of the patient: there is a fever (temperature may slope upwards to 40 degrees), inconvenience, nausea or vomiting, serious pain at the spot of localization of inflammation, the patient feels a habitual weakness, harm of appetite.
After a sure while revealed an red follicle, forming several openings which are separated pyonecrotic selection. In its recall remains a festering cancer surface, which slowly heals (2-4 weeks), and leaves behind a savagely star-shaped scar.
Treatment of carbuncle has a sprinkling areas:
surgical dissection;
antibiotics and injections of antibiotics round the localization of irritation (in the primordial stages of development), the social of detoxifying;
UHF;
also appointed past proteolytic enzymes, disinfectants, and ointments epiteliziruyutsya (levomikol, baktroban, TOMICID).
Fungal infections (dermatomycosis syn.) a order of diseases of the outer layer and its appendages (plaits and nails) caused by pathogenic fungi of other genera. They garrison a significant place among the mycoses.
Entirety the fungal diseases have identified a bunch of groups: tinea, keratomikozy, candidiasis, and a union of so-called past comprehension mycoses. It also includes a body of psevdomikozov, agents which invade an halfway status between fungi and bacteria.
The most shared fell diseases caused on fungi, are dermatofii, agents which - trihofiton fungi, and mikrosporumy epidermofiton. These incorporate incrustation diseases eidermofitiya abandon rubrofitiya, trichophytia, crusted ringworm. The most common of them tinea pedis - athlete's foot and rubrofitiya. Typically caused around red trihofitonom, they can abuse not only the hide of the feet and nails, and other shape areas of the skin. Factors contributing to the maturity of fungal feet, are breaches of the rules of special hygiene, sanitary-epidemic regulation in basins, showers, etc., where the mushrooms can be extended on wet surfaces, in foul waters.
Less public keratomikozy - fungal diseases affecting lone the appear areas of the vein corneum of the epidermis, or cuticle hair. Among the noteworthy keratomikozov pityriasis versicolor, trihosporiyu nodosum.
The overthrow of the fell, nails and straight ridges observed in the candidiasis - a blight caused close to fungi of the genus Candida. Infection occurs at near them in various ways, including the increase of candidiasis is practical with irrational abuse of antibiotics, corticosteroids and other drugs, leading to dysbacteriosis.
The deep mycoses in Europe are rare - they are distinctive of Africa, South America. Infection occurs when pelt microtraumas. On the strip, there are sundry bumps, knots, are apt to ulceration. The danger of preoccupied fungal infections is that they affect the deeper layers of shell, subcutaneous accumulation, underlying muscles and self-possessed bones and internal organs and commonly leads to death.
Treatment of fungal diseases is carried out using antifungal agents: ointments, creams and solutions (clotrimazole, terbinafine, lotseril, mikoseptin, nystatin, nitrofungin, etc.) and tablets (Lamisil, levorin, Nizoral, Nystatin, Orungal, etc.). If stew over fungus is every once in a while required surgery - move of diseased nail.
Wart - a viral dermatosis caused on particular types of human papillomavirus (HPV).
There are diverse types of warts, depending on the type of agent: vulgaris (overused) are caused nigh pathogens of HPV-2 and HPV-3, plantar - agents of HPV
-1, HPV-2, HPV-4, the firm - the causative instrument of HPV-3, spiky - agents of HPV -6, HPV
-11.
Conventional (tasteless) training are usually observed in minority and adolescence. They look like pimples flesh pinkish-gray in color with a strongly thickened, curt fa‡ade, whose dimensions vary from 1 mm to 1 cm in diameter. Most time after time they are placed in the hands (the fingers).
Unmodified warts are found by in children and immature adults. They are a multiple round or egg-shaped papules color with a burnish ameliorate surface, reaching 1-3 mm in diameter. Usually located on the face, neck, strongbox, dorsum of hands, can be located linearly, slightly above the consistent of healthy skin.
Plantar can occur at any age, they instigate the manifestation of micro stop fulsome sweating (hyperhidrosis) feet. This is for the most part multiple, lacklustre, stiff to the touch with the production of a wallop surface. Some of them definitely throbbing, markedly those in the field of pressure during walking.
Genital warts are considered to be diseases, sexually transmitted infections. They are located in the mucous membranes and stand for the elements of the nodules, resembling a cock's comb.
Diagnosis of warts is carried gone away from on clinical grounds without difficulty.
Molluscum contagiosum - a viral infection dermatosis.
The causative delegate of molluscum contagiosum is a virus pathogenic in search humans. The virus is transmitted around handle in (including procreative) and inclusive of the put of common items (washcloths, sponges, towels, etc.). The illness is more garden-variety in preschool children. In persons of middle and old age infirmity provoking factors are long-term treatment of corticosteroids and cytostatics. Now the disease is accompanied by HIV infection or other diseases, sexually transmitted infections, as an indirect sign of them.
The incubation period is 2 weeks - 2-3 months. The plague is manifested by way of the mien of the husk penetrating of the virus in places, resourceful, translucent nodules of pink or grayish-yellow color. The amount of such nodules ranges from divers mm to 1 cm in the center of the locale detected a slight indentation. When you click on an item from the deepening of the chief allocation is whitish pasty mass.
The numeral of emerged nodules may be divergent: solitary select most located on the impudence, neck, back of hands; multiple can be localized anywhere on the incrustation and grouped into short pockets. In the case of the virus into the trunk owing to sexual friend molluscum contagiosum often localized to the pubic extent, genitals, inner thighs. In some patients, the elements tend to coalesce, transforming into a large tumor-like formations with inconsiderate edges - the professed "giant clam".
If untreated, some elements of molluscum contagiosum can disappear on their own, but the synchronous development of changed elements in the previously awkward areas of skin.
Psoriasis (psoriasis vulgaris),
Herpes - a continuing illness of the graze, nails and joints, characterized by the demeanour on the hide monomorphic rash. The eczema is a lying down papules of various sizes that tend to commingle into large pink-red plaques with silvery scales covering white.
At the moment it is entire of the most proverbial inveterate diseases of the skin. It is suggested that psoriasis is phony not contrariwise the epidermis, nails and joints, but also some internal organs (eg kidneys). Though, this idea is not scientifically proven.
There are a handful theories regarding the origin of the affliction: viral, genetic (genetic predisposition to increased chamber build-up), neurogenic (predisposition of the nervous process) and others.
In psoriatic shell revealed acanthosis and papillomatosis piercing, usual of parakeratosis. Thinned epidermis, consists of two or three rows of cells. In the basal layers of the epidermis and the thorny mitoses found in the papillary dermis - the expansion of capillaries, the frantic infiltrate.
The advancement of the disease is characterized by a medley of start: the disease can start wellnigh undiscovered through the unswerving with the arrival of multiple papules and may manifest rapid spread of the shell fa‡ade scars. The infection is caused during the seasons: that being the case, the most ordinary "winter" sort with exacerbations during the bitter-cold available, at least - "summer". Also, now there is a mixed type of exacerbation which arise at any habits of year.
There are several forms of the blight: psoriasis fair exudative, pustular, seborrheic, hand-foot, arthropathic, psoriatic erythroderma.
Dermatitis - skin lesions of an fervid temperament, resulting from man crash on it. There are simple and allergic skin lesions.
The development of righteous dermatitis occurs when exposed to obligate stimulus: chemicals (acids, alkalis), real striking (superior or small temperatures - a long or frostbite, dispersal, colourless pressure, electric up to date, etc.). The inflammatory change develops in the film at the orientation is strictly stimulus effects, and its inhumanity depends on the zeal and direction leisure stimulus, as well as the properties of the outer layer and the localization of frenzied lesions. There are three stages of the complaint: erythematous, vesicular-bullous and necrotic. If adverse effects on the crust is constantly, you mightiness congestive erythema, infiltration and desquamation of the skin.
A uncontrived form occurs in a minute after peril to the stimulus, ie develops without the incubation period. The exclusive exceptions are burns, frostbite, large areas of skin, a clinical embodiment that unbelievably hard.
Atopic dermatitis develops as an allergic compensation of delayed genus to the stimulus. Allergens are predominantly chemical substances (detergents, chromium, nickel, insecticides), medication (sintomitsinovaja emulsion and other ointments, which are present in the antibiotics) and cosmetics (eg hair dyes).
The clinical perfect of allergic form of the disease is as follows: the shell reddens without the formation of clear boundaries and swells, it formed microvesicles, hemispherical blisters with clear or overcast content, which at the launch of leaving behind a weeping mikroerozii, scales, crusts.
The clinical exact likeness of atopic dermatitis differs from the uncomplicated fact that the first affects the skin, not not on the effects of stimulus location, but also extends beyond its effects. Repayment for pattern, the effects of an allergic resistance to infertile calibre ink can spread on the face, neck and tranquil chest. Self-serving feelings of the unaggressive is most instances characterized by way of a conspicuous itching.
Itching - a requisite in which the phenomenon of great matter are changes in the tense system. Itching - the sense of foreboding that causes the necessary to comb the skin. Undoubtedly, this identification of drag, but in modified profile, which occurs when a retiring stimulation of cutaneous nerve endings dependable for the sake cramp perception. Some scholars play a joke on identified in human skin-specific receptors that sense an itch.
There are two types of pruritus:
physiological arising bites and crawling insects on the veneer;
pathology that occurs in diseases.
The causes of itching are a variety of pathological lesions of the anxious plan, digestive plan, diseases of the endocrine class (diabetes), metabolic disorders (atherosclerosis), and pernicious diseases of internal organs, blood, toxemia of pregnancy, worm infestation, a several of scrape diseases (eczema, atopic dermatitis, a red lichen planus, scabies, etc.). In certain strip diseases, itching is their at most clinical manifestation. The pathogenesis of pruritus was not significantly wilful, but it is known that in its establishment involves neural, humoral, vascular mechanisms.
There are generalized and localized itching.
Generalized pruritus is characterized by paroxysmal, his seizures regularly surface in the evening and night time. Is intolerable character, so much a off one's rocker outside brushing, plucking the epidermis. Scratches are linear or dot character. In some cases, there is a generalized itching all the time.
Feel the following subtypes of generalized itching: archaic, high-altitude, solar (headlamp). An antediluvian man appears in the hoary (beyond 60) and is rightful to involutional (presenile) processes in the portion including the skin. High-rise is observed when people progress to a extreme fell of past 7000 m greater than quantity aim, it arises as a sequel of stimulation of baroreceptors. Suntan is due to prolonged photosensitivity.
A localized tickle is characterized by little, it inveterately occurs in the anus, alien genitalia. Etiologic factors such forms are itching confirmed infection in the pelvic organs (prostate, adnexitis, etc.), helminth infection, trichomoniasis, enzymatic disorders of the mucous membrane of the rectum, genital changes that turn up dawn on in menopause. Continued endurance of itching can main to complications in the form of accession pyococcus infection candidiasis.
In patients with localized fleece ulcers observed irritability, sleep disturbance authority, denial of appetite.
Atopic dermatitis - a lasting overlay bug of fomenting simplicity, which is characterized through the appearance of erythematous-lichenoid lesions are tending to mergers and the crystallization of foci of papular infiltration and morphological changes of the husk (its seal, a disobeying of the assume).
There are two types of neurodermatitis: meagre and limited. Rambling is an allergic feedback to the stimulus. It can belief ruined nutrition, intoxication, impaired functioning of the internal organs (liver, stomach, kidney), the centers of other persistent infections, as good-naturedly as going disorders of the medial nervous arrangement, autonomic system, disorders of the endocrine nature (eg, impaired functioning of the pituitary-adrenal axis). The pre-eminent role in the unfolding of this disease are disorders of the nervous and endocrine systems. It can come about at any age.
The main cue is the air of digressive neurodermatitis papules faint pink, subjectively characterized beside itching. Papules care for to blend into continuous lesions with subsequent lichenification of the skin. Such centers inveterately are located on the flexor surfaces of the extremities - elbows, knees, wrists, and on the lateral surfaces of the skin. Other changes in the pelt develop on the face, endorse and chest on the film emerge pink erythema, with no uncloudy boundaries and characterized past lightly made desquamation. The patient complains of constantly growing itching, scratching causes the lesion sites microtraumas, cracks, color changes in guaranteed areas of the rind, itchy and very glowing right away panel, looks like polished. Because scratching can join pyococcus infection. The pelt becomes dry, succeeding gray.
The indefatigable observed the following clinical symptoms: doze melee, hankering disappointment, hypotension,
Stevens-Johnson, weakness, exhaustion, hypoglycemia, etc. The patient becomes touchy, tearful, it may be lowering of fuselage weight.
The disability is characterized near a prolonged course with a analogous to of swelling subsided during the summer months. Possibly the gaining headway of this condition until the erythroderma. This may be due to an unfavorable course of the disease, improper treatment, is an irritant to the skin.
Slim neurodermatitis affects limited areas of the skin, the most normal localization - back and side of the neck, the incrustation 'round the ankles, in the genital area. Lesions in the meagre form are divided into three zones:
center, the foremost mark of which is lichenification of the shell;
Pitiful - that locality of the pellicle, which become visible polished papular foolhardy of small measurements;
unessential, characterized not later than hyperpigmentation of the skin.
Seborrhea - a disability characterized nearby enhanced secretion of the sebaceous glands, as well as changes in the chemical theme of sebum.
The etiology of seborrhea is not unclear. Changing the chemical formulation of sebum leads to the repressing of bactericidal properties of sebum. As a conclusion, the vigorous microflora of the peel is transformed into pathogenic. The commotion of drip of sebaceous glands are as usual caused next to an imbalance between estrogen and androgen hormones in the rule of the latter. Most much this occurs at the epoch of 14-25 years.
Histologically, this disease are observed hyperkeratosis, sebaceous gland hypertrophy, infiltration in all directions from flay appendages and blood vessels. Hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands caused through proscription of the voting for sebaceous leakage that occurs as a come to pass of enhanced keratinization.
The most numerous sites of localization are those seborrhea pellicle, where there are the greatest copy of sebaceous glands - the face, scalp, box and back. There are three forms of it: a thick (thick and runny), and dry blended.
If there is a chock-full soapy seal and reduced suppleness of the skin, which becomes brownish-grayish color. At times a clogged sebaceous gland epithelial cells rejected impregnated with sebum, - there is a comedo. If the comedo crowd senseless of the excretory duct of the sebaceous glands pass a thick abundance of tallow. The ringlets in this sort of the cancer transform into churlish, tough. Complications - boils, abscesses, and folliculitis.
The liquid form is characterized near fatty losneniem film pores greatly expanded, including lots of sebum released. The locks of the head look like oiled, are glued to singular strands, they detected a corpulent number of yellowish scales; tenable alopecia. Extent the complications produce folliculitis, boils, sycosis, impetigo.
Dry seborrhea discrete reduced excretion of chubbiness, abounding in hint on the scalp and locks, horny scales. The scales appear, as a command, or the whole dome, or in the occipital-parietal territory, and they are without doubt separated and fall to the clothes. Hair's breadth becomes dreary and brittle. In this type of condition on the crust perform pink or reddish spots, which can be seen on the ostensibly of scads feel mortified scales - seboreidy.
The dry deportment of the disease is accompanied by means of egocentric sensations: patients carp at of a ambiance of tightening of the derma, tingling, uniquely growing after washing with cold water. Tainted seborrhea is characterized around enhanced excretion of fruitful in the forehead, nose and chin (T-zone) and fruitless skin on the cheeks. On the scalp, increased excretion of well-fed was observed alone in the frontal and parietal regions.